<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation"> <articleinfo> Computational modeling of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress <author> <firstname>Catherine</firstname> <surname>Lloyd</surname> <affiliation> <shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil> </affiliation> </author> </articleinfo> Model Status This CellML model runs in both COR and PCEnv to reproduce the published results. The units have been checked and they balance. This is a lumped parameter model for cardiac activation based on the work of Heldt et al. 2002. This CellMl model represents the whole heart (all four chambers) connected to a lumped parameter model of the circulatory system including systemic circulation, a coronary circulation, and a pulmonary circulation. The model and results are exactly the same as the JSim model of the same name. <sect1 id="sec_structure"> Model Structure ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to develop a model of the cardiovascular system capable of simulating the short-term (less than or equal to 5 min) transient and steady-state hemodynamic responses to head-up tilt and lower body negative pressure. The model consists of a closed-loop lumped-parameter representation of the circulation connected to set-point models of the arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes. Model parameters are largely based on literature values. Model verification was performed by comparing the simulation output under baseline conditions and at different levels of orthostatic stress to sets of population-averaged hemodynamic data reported in the literature. On the basis of experimental evidence, we adjusted some model parameters to simulate experimental data. Orthostatic stress simulations are not statistically different from experimental data (two-sided test of significance with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons). Transient response characteristics of heart rate to tilt also compare well with reported data. A case study is presented on how the model is intended to be used in the future to investigate the effects of post-spaceflight orthostatic intolerance. <informalfigure float="0" id="fig_reaction_diagram"> <mediaobject> <imageobject> <objectinfo> model diagram </objectinfo> <imagedata fileref="heldt_2002b.png" /> </imageobject> </mediaobject> Schematic diagram of the Heldt et al. 2002 circulation model. </informalfigure> The original paper reference is cited below: Computational modeling of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress, T. Heldt, E.B. Shim, R.D. Kamm, and R.G. Mark, 2002, Journal of Applied Physiology , 92, 1239-1254. PubMed ID: 11842064 </sect1> </documentation>
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C:\Users\chthompson\Dropbox\Work Related\Annotated Models\Heldt_2002\Heldt_Shim_Kamm_2002.cellml
Chris Thompson
Computational modeling of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress
Max Neal
Fluid volume
Fluid flow rate
Fluid pressure
Pericardial cavity
Pulmonary capillary
Wall of aorta
Surface of lung
Interstitial space
Body
Set of proximal epicardial branches of coronary arteries
Set of all pulmonary arterioles
Set of epicardial tributaries of all cardiac veins
Set of all epicardial branches of all coronary arteries
Set of all systemic capillaries
Portion of body fluid
Vena cava
Systemic arterial system
Systemic venous system
Pulmonary arterial tree
Set of pulmonary veins
Heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Wall of arteriole
Distal zone of aorta
Wall of right atrium
Myocardium
Wall of left atrium
Wall of right ventricle
Wall of left ventricle
Portion of blood
Pleural cavity
Pericardium
Surface of fibrous pericardium
A physical entity that is defined by linking multiple physical entity terms with structural relations.
A mathematical and/or logical expression that determines the value of a data structure.
An element of a SemSim model that relates to the mathematical or logical representation of physical quantities or qualities.
A physical dependency defined in a specific SemSim model.
A physical entity defined in a specific SemSim model.
A physical process defined in a specific SemSim model.
A physical property defined in a specific SemSim model.
A computational element that stores numerical and/or logical information related to the model.
A data structure whose value is limited to decimals.
A data structure whose value is limited to the whole numbers.
A data structure unique to JSim's Mathematical Modeling Language (MML) used to set one or more model input values at runtime.
A quantitative relation between values of physical properties that occurs over a span of time and that determines the time-course of a physical process.
A physics analytical entity that represents the material, energy, and/or information content of material or immaterial, space-occupying continuants.
A SemSim model element used to represent, in whole or in part, the physical meaning of a computational element.
A physical processural entity that is a flow, or the control of a flow, of energy and/or information amongst physical continuants that are participants in the physical process.
A physical attribute of an instance of a physical entity, an occurrence of a physical process, or a physical dependency that has a quantitative value that is measurable by a physical device or method, or is computable from such values.
A data structure whose value is limited to the real numbers.
A physical dependency that is defined using a term in an external knowledge resource.
A physical entity that is defined using a term from an external knowledge resource.
A physical process that is defined using a term in an external knowledge resource.
A physical property that is defined using a term in an external knowledge resource.
A logical expression that constrains, but does not define, the value of a data structure. Example: x > 0.
A computational or physical element of a SemSim model.
A grouping of one or more data structures that comprise a computationally or physically distinct part of a model or submodel.
A physical quantity chosen as a standard in terms of which other physical quantities may be expressed.
Blood flow through proximal aorta
Blood flow through the distal aorta
Coronary capillaries
Coronary vasculature
All blood in coronary circulation
Distal pulmonary arteries
Large coronary arteries
Large coronary veins
Proximal pulmonary arteries
Proximal systemic arteries
Proximal zone of aorta
Small coronary arteries
Small coronary veins
Wall of artery
Wall of capillary
Wall of vein
Cardiac output equation time constant
Cardiac output
Aortic distal compliance
Aortic proximal compliance
Compliance of proximal epicardial arteries
Compliance of coronary capillaries
Compliance of distal epicardial arteries
Compliance of epicardial veins
Compliance of large coronary arteries
Compliance of large coronary veins
Compliance of small coronary arteries
Compliance of small coronary veins
Pulmonary arterioles compliance
Pulmonary capillaries compliance
Pulmonary veins compliance
Prox. systemic arteries compliance
Systemic capillaries compliance
Distal pulmonary arterial compliance
Proximal pulmonary arterial compliance
Offsetting constant for partially collapsed vena cava pressure
Active vasomotor tone volume parameter for systemic arterial pressure
Left atrial elastance
Left ventricular elastance
Maximum elastance left atrium
Maximum elastance of first left ventricle component
Maximum elastance right atrium
Maximum elastance right ventricle
Minimum elastance left atrium
Minimum elastance of first left ventricle component
Minimum elastance right ventricle
Right atrial elastance
Right ventricular elastance
Normalized discharge rate for vasomotor control
Distal aorta flow
Proximal aorta flow
Proximal epicardial arteries flow
Coronary capillaries flow
Distal epicardial arteries flow
Epicardial veins flow
Large coronary arteries flow
Large coronary veins flow
Small coronary arteries flow
Small coronary veins flow
Cerebral flow
Flow across mitral valve
Flow across aortic valve
Pulmonary arterioles flow
Distal pulmonary arterial flow
Proximal pulmonary arterial flow
Pulmonary capillaries flow
Pulmonary shunt flow
Pulmonary veins flow
Flow across tricuspid valve
Flow across pulmonary valve
Systemic arteries flow
Proximal systemic arteries flow
Systemic capillaries flow
Systemic veins flow
Vena cava flow
Heart Rate
Scaling constant for unstressed and distended Vena cava pressure
Scaling constant for partially collapsed Vena cava pressure
Scaling factor for Vena cava resistance
Scaling parameter for pericardial P-V curve
Active vasomotor tone scaling parameter for systemic arterial pressure
Passive vasomotor tone scaling parameter for systemic arterial pressure
Pressure scaling constant for systemic arterial resistance
Scaling factor for systemic venous pressure
Distal aorta inertance
Proximal aorta inertance
Pulmonary arterial inertance
Distal pulmonary artery inertance
Mean arterial blood pressure
Difference in atrial, venticular activation times
Non-driving ECG curve
Distal aorta transmural pressure
Distal aorta chamber pressure
Proximal aorta transmural pressure
Proximal aorta chamber pressure
Reference pressure at body surface (ground)
Proximal epicardial arteries transmural pressure
Proximal epicardial arteries chamber pressure
Coronary capillary transmural pressure
Coronary capillary chamber pressure
Distal epicardial arteries transmural pressure
Distal epicardial arteries chamber pressure
Epicardial veins transmural pressure
Epicardial veins chamber pressure
Myocardium interstitial fluid pressure
Large coronary arteries transmural pressure
Large coronary arteries chamber pressure
Large coronary veins transmural pressure
Large coronary veins chamber pressure
Small coronary arteries transmural pressure
Small coronary arteries chamber pressure
Small coronary veins transmural pressure
Small coronary veins chamber pressure
Pressure in the left atrium
Left atrial chamber pressure
Pressure in the left ventricle
Left ventricular chamber pressure
Pulmonary arterioles transmural pressure
Pulmonary arterioles chamber pressure
Distal pulmonary arterial transmural pressure
Distal pulmonary arterial chamber pressure
Proximal pulmonary arterial transmural pressure
Proximal pulmonary chamber arterial pressure
Proximal pulmonary artery chamber pressure (systolic)
Proximal pulmonary artery chamber pressure (diastolic)
Pulmonary capillaries transmural pressure
Pulmonary capillaries chamber pressure
Transmural pericardial pressure
Pericardial chamber pressure
Transmural pleural pressure
Pleural chamber pressure
Pulmonary veins transmural pressure
Pulmonary veins chamber pressure
Pressure in the right atrium
Right atrial chamber pressure
Blood pressure in the right ventricle
Right ventricular chamber pressure
Systemic arterial pressure
Active systemic arterial pressure component
Passive systemic arterial pressure component
Proximal systemic arteries pressure
Systemic capillaries pressure
Systemic veins pressure
Pulmonary arterial volume
Pulmonary venous volume
Vena cava transmural pressure
Vena cava chamber pressure
P-V curve shaping parameter
Distal aortic resistance
Proximal aortic resistance
Aortic valve resistance
Proximal epicardial arteries resistance
Coronary capillaries resistance
Distal epicardial arteries resistance
Epicardial veins resistance
Large coronary arteries resistance
Large coronary veins resistance
Small coronary arteries resistance
Small coronary veins resistance
Cerebral circulation resistance
Fluid resistance in the left atrium
Vena cava resistance offset parameter
Pulmonary arterioles resistance
Distal proximal pulmonary resistance
Proximal pulmonary resistance
Pulmonary capillaries resistance
Pulmonary shunt resistance
Pulmonary valve resistance
Pulmonary veins resistance
Fluid resistance in the right atrium
Resistance of systemic arteries
Arteriolar resistance offset
Prox. systemic arteries resistance
Systemic capillaries resistance
Systemic veins resistance
Transmural distal aortic resistance
Transmural proximal aortic resistance
Distal pulmonary arterial transmural resistance
Proximal pulmonary arterial transmural resistance
Resistance of Vena cava
Stroke volume (COutput/HR)
Systemic arterial volume
Systemic venous volume
Discrete systolic interval for atria
Scaler to set atrial systolic fraction of heart cycle
Discrete systolic interval for ventricles
Scaler to set ventricular systolic fraction of heart cycle
Total blood in circulation
Distal aorta volume
Proximal aorta volume
Proximal epicardial arteries volume
Coronary capillaries volume
Volume of blood in coronary circulation
Distal epicardial arteries volume
Epicardial veins volume
Large coronary arteries volume
Large coronary veins volume
Small coronary arteries volume
Small coronary veins volume
Fluid volume in the left atrium
Unstressed left atrial volume
Unstressed end-diastolic left atrium volume
Unstressed end-systolic left atrium volume
Blood volume in the left ventricle
Unstressed left ventricle volume
Unstressed end-diastolic left ventricle volume
Unstressed end-systolic left ventricle volume
Maximal volume of lumped systemic veins
Maximum volume of vena cava
Mimimum volume of vena cava
Myocardium blood volume
Unstressed blood volume of vena cava
Pulmonary arterioles volume
Distal pulmonary arterial volume
Proximal pulmonary arterial volume
Pulmonary capillaries volume
Total volume enclosed by pericardium
Pericardial P-V curve parameter
Pulmonary veins volume
Fluid volume in the right atrium
Unstressed right atrial volume
Unstressed end-diastolic right atrium volume
Unstressed end-systolic right atrium volume
Fluid volume in the right ventricle
Unstressed right ventricular volume
Unstressed end-diastolic right ventricle volume
Unstressed end-systolic right ventricle volume
Volume of systemic arteries
Maximum luminal volume of systemic arteries
Minimal volume of systemic arteries
Proximal systemic arteries volume
Systemic capillaries volume
Systemic veins volume
Total blood volume
Vena cava volume
Pericardial fluid in pericardial cavity
Time - Solution domain
Passive vasomotor tone constant for systemic arterial pressure
Time from start of atrial contraction cycle
Time from start of ventricular contraction cycle
Right atrium activation function
Left ventricle activation function
Right ventricle activation function
<apply> <eq /> <ci>hrf</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="Hz2rpm">60</cn> <ci>HR</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>beattime</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>t</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <floor /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>t</ci> <ci>hrf</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>hrf</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Tsv</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>TsvK</ci> <apply> <root /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="ratepm">1</cn> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <ci>HR</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">7.745966692414832</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Tsa</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>TsaK</ci> <apply> <root /> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="Hz">1</cn> <ci>HR</ci> </apply> 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cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <cos /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <pi /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>trela</ci> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <and /> <apply> <lt /> <ci>trela</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <geq /> <ci>trela</ci> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>yra</ci> <ci>yla</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>ylv</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <cos /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <pi /> <ci>trelv</ci> </apply> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <and /> <apply> <geq /> <ci>trelv</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="s">0</cn> </apply> <apply> <leq /> <ci>trelv</ci> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> </piece> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <cos /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <pi /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>trelv</ci> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <and /> <apply> <lt /> <ci>trelv</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <geq /> <ci>trelv</ci> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>yrv</ci> <ci>ylv</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Era</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Emaxra</ci> <ci>Eminra</ci> </apply> <ci>yra</ci> </apply> <ci>Eminra</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Erv</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Emaxrv</ci> <ci>Eminrv</ci> </apply> <ci>yrv</ci> </apply> <ci>Eminrv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ela</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Emaxla</ci> <ci>Eminla</ci> </apply> <ci>yla</ci> </apply> <ci>Eminla</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Elv</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Emaxlv</ci> <ci>Eminlv</ci> </apply> <ci>ylv</ci> </apply> <ci>Eminlv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Faod</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paodc</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faod</ci> <ci>Raod</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Psap</ci> </apply> <ci>Laod</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Faop</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paopc</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faop</ci> <ci>Raop</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Paodc</ci> </apply> <ci>Laop</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorao</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcoraoc</ci> <ci>Pcoreac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorao</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorcap</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorcapc</ci> <ci>Pcorsvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorcap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorea</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcoreac</ci> <ci>Pcorlac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorea</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorev</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorevc</ci> <ci>Prac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorev</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorla</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorlac</ci> <ci>Pcorsac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorla</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorlv</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorlvc</ci> <ci>Pcorevc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorlv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorsa</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorsac</ci> <ci>Pcorcapc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorsv</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorsvc</ci> <ci>Pcorlvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcrb</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paodc</ci> <ci>Pvcc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcrb</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fla</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Plac</ci> <ci>Plvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rla</ci> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Plac</ci> <ci>Plvc</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="flow">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Flv</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Plvc</ci> <ci>Paopc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rav</ci> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Plvc</ci> <ci>Paopc</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="flow">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fpa</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppac</ci> <ci>Ppcc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rpa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Fpad</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppadc</ci> <ci>Ppac</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fpad</ci> <ci>Rpad</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Lpad</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Fpap</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppapc</ci> <ci>Ppadc</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fpap</ci> <ci>Rpap</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Lpa</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fpc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppcc</ci> <ci>Ppvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rpc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fps</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppac</ci> <ci>Ppvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rps</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fpv</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppvc</ci> <ci>Plac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rpv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fra</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Prac</ci> <ci>Prvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rra</ci> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Prac</ci> <ci>Prvc</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="flow">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Frv</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <ci>Ppapc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rpuv</ci> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <ci>Ppapc</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="flow">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsa</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psa</ci> <ci>Psc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsap</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psap</ci> <ci>Psa</ci> </apply> <ci>Rsap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psc</ci> <ci>Psv</ci> </apply> <ci>Rsc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsv</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psv</ci> <ci>Pvcc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fvc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pvcc</ci> <ci>Prac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rvc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>MAP</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psa</ci> <ci>MAP</ci> </apply> <ci>COtau</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>P_QRSwave</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="mV">5</cn> <apply> <and /> <apply> <gt /> <ci>t</ci> <ci>beattime</ci> </apply> <apply> <lt /> <ci>t</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>beattime</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="s">0.02</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </piece> <piece> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="mV">10</cn> <apply> <and /> <apply> <gt /> <ci>t</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>beattime</ci> <ci>PRint</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <lt /> <ci>t</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>beattime</ci> <ci>PRint</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="s">0.02</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="mV">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Paod</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paodc</ci> <ci>Pbs</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Paodc</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rtaod</ci> <ci>Rcrb</ci> <ci>Faop</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rtaod</ci> <ci>Rcrb</ci> <ci>Faod</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Vaod</ci> <ci>Rcrb</ci> </apply> <ci>Caod</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.060000000000000005</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rcrb</ci> <ci>Px2</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vaod</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Pvcc</ci> <ci>Rtaod</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Rcrb</ci> <ci>Rtaod</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Paop</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paopc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Paopc</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Flv</ci> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vaop</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faop</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Fcorao</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>Ccorao</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="mL">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorao</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorao</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorao</ci> <ci>Paop</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcoraoc</ci> <ci>Paopc</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorcap</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorcap</ci> <ci>Ccorcap</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorcap</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorcapc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorcap</ci> <ci>Pcorisfc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorea</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorea</ci> <ci>Ccorea</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorea</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcoreac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorea</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorev</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorev</ci> <ci>Ccorev</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorev</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorevc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorev</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorisfc</ci> <apply> <abs /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Plvc</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorla</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorla</ci> <ci>Ccorla</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorla</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorlac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorla</ci> <ci>Pcorisfc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorlv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorlv</ci> <ci>Ccorlv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorlv</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorlvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorlv</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorsa</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorsa</ci> <ci>Ccorsa</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorsa</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorsac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorsa</ci> <ci>Pcorisfc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorsv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorsv</ci> <ci>Ccorsv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorsv</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorsvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorsv</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pla</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vla</ci> <ci>Vlar</ci> </apply> <ci>Ela</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vla</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Plac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pla</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Plv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vlv</ci> <ci>Vlvr</ci> </apply> <ci>Elv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vlv</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Plvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Plv</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppa</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpa</ci> <ci>Cpa</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpa</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ppa</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppad</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppadc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppadc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpad</ci> </apply> <ci>Rtpad</ci> </apply> <ci>Pplc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpad</ci> <ci>Ctpad</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpad</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppap</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppapc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppapc1</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rpuv</ci> <ci>Vpap</ci> </apply> <ci>Ctpap</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rpuv</ci> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <ci>Rtpap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rpuv</ci> <ci>Rtpap</ci> <ci>Fpap</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.666666666666668</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Pplc</ci> <ci>Rpuv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Rtpap</ci> <ci>Rpuv</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppapc2</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Ctpap</ci> </apply> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rtpap</ci> <ci>Fpap</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.666666666666668</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppapc</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <ci>Ppapc1</ci> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <ci>Ppapc1</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <ci>Ppapc2</ci> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpc</ci> <ci>Cpc</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpc</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppcc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ppc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppcd</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>K_pcd</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vpcd</ci> <ci>Vpcd_o</ci> </apply> <ci>phi_pcd</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpcd</ci> <ci>Vx75</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ppcd</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppl</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pplc</ci> <ci>Pbs</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpv</ci> <ci>Cpv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpv</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ppv</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pra</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vra</ci> <ci>Vrar</ci> </apply> <ci>Era</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vra</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Prac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pra</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Prv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vrv</ci> <ci>Vrvr</ci> </apply> <ci>Erv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vrv</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Prv</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psa_a</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kc</ci> <apply> <log /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsa_o</ci> </apply> <ci>Do</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psa</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>F_vaso</ci> <ci>Psa_a</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>F_vaso</ci> </apply> <ci>Psa_p</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psa_p</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kp1</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <ci>tau_p</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsa_o</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kp2</ci> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsa_o</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psap</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsap</ci> <ci>Csap</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsap</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsc</ci> <ci>Csc</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsc</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psv</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kv</ci> <apply> <log /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vmax_sv</ci> <ci>Vsv</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.99</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PulArtVol</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Vpad</ci> <ci>Vpa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PulVenVol</ci> <ci>Vpv</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pvc</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>D2</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>K2</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vo</ci> <ci>Vmin_vc</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>K1</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vo</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="capacitance">1</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Px2</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vo</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>D2</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>K2</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vmin_vc</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Px2</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pvcc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pvc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Rsa</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Rsao</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kr</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn> <ci>F_vaso</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kr</ci> <apply> <power /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsa_max</ci> <ci>Vsa</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Rvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>KR</ci> <apply> <power /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vmax_vc</ci> <ci>Vvc</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Ro</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>SV</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>COutput</ci> <ci>HR</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">60</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>SysArtVol</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vaop</ci> <ci>Vaod</ci> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>SysVenVol</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vsv</ci> <ci>Vvc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>VBcirc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vtot</ci> <ci>perifl</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vaod</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Faop</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faod</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fcrb</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vaop</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paopc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vaop</ci> <ci>Caop</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vaop</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <ci>Rtaop</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorao</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Flv</ci> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vaop</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faop</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Fcorao</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorcap</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorsa</ci> <ci>Fcorcap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vcorcirc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vcorao</ci> <ci>Vcorea</ci> <ci>Vcorla</ci> <ci>Vcorsa</ci> <ci>Vcorcap</ci> <ci>Vcorsv</ci> <ci>Vcorlv</ci> <ci>Vcorev</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorea</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorao</ci> <ci>Fcorea</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorev</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorlv</ci> <ci>Fcorev</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorla</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorea</ci> <ci>Fcorla</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorlv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorsv</ci> <ci>Fcorlv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorsa</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorla</ci> <ci>Fcorsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorsv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorcap</ci> <ci>Fcorsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vla</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fpv</ci> <ci>Fla</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vlar</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>yla</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vlard</ci> <ci>Vlars</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Vlars</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vlv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fla</ci> <ci>Flv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vlvr</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>ylv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vlvrd</ci> <ci>Vlvrs</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Vlvrs</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpa</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fpad</ci> <ci>Fps</ci> </apply> <ci>Fpa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpad</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fpap</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fpad</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpap</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Frv</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fpap</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpc</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fpa</ci> <ci>Fpc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vpcd</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vrv</ci> <ci>Vra</ci> <ci>Vlv</ci> <ci>Vla</ci> <ci>perifl</ci> <ci>Vmyo</ci> <ci>Vcorcirc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Fpc</ci> <ci>Fps</ci> </apply> <ci>Fpv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vra</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fvc</ci> <ci>Fra</ci> </apply> <ci>Fcorev</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vrar</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>yra</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vrard</ci> <ci>Vrars</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Vrars</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vrv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fra</ci> <ci>Frv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vrvr</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>yrv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vrvrd</ci> <ci>Vrvrs</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Vrvrs</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vsa</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fsap</ci> <ci>Fsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vsap</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Faod</ci> <ci>Fsap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vsc</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fsa</ci> <ci>Fsc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vsv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fsc</ci> <ci>Fsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vtot</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vra</ci> <ci>Vrv</ci> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Vpad</ci> <ci>Vpa</ci> <ci>Vpc</ci> <ci>Vpv</ci> <ci>Vla</ci> <ci>Vlv</ci> <ci>Vaop</ci> <ci>Vaod</ci> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsap</ci> <ci>Vsc</ci> <ci>Vsv</ci> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>perifl</ci> <ci>Vcorcirc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vvc</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Fsv</ci> <ci>Fcrb</ci> </apply> <ci>Fvc</ci> </apply> </apply>